LAPAROSCOPIC,
ULTRASOUND-GUIDED MICROWAVE THERMAL ABLATION WITH DIRECT, REAL-TIME TEMPERATURE
MONITORING OF A 3.4 CM RENAL TUMOR IN AN ANTI-COAGULATED PATIENT
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doi: 10.1590/S1677-553820100002000034
ROBERT I.
CAREY, TARIQ S. HAKKY, JOHN SHIELDS, VINCENT G. BIRD, RAYMOND J. LEVEILLEE
The Urology
Treatment Center, Florida State University College of Medicine, Sarasota
Florida and The Department of Urology, The Miami Miller School of Medicine,
Miami Florida, USA
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
We report the first case of a laparoscopic, ultrasound-guided microwave
ablation (MWA) of a renal tumor. The case was performed in a 79 year old
female with atrial fibrillation requiring anti-coagulation with successful
core biopsy being performed at the same time as the ablation.
Methods: A 3.4 cm right lower pole enhancing renal mass was exposed laparoscopically.
A microwave ablation probe (3.7 cm active tip, Valley Lab) was positioned
under direct vision and laparoscopic ultrasound guidance. Independent
fiberoptic, non-conducting temperature sensors (Lumasense, CA) were placed
at the deep and peripheral margins of the tumor. Core biopsies of the
tumor were performed prior to beginning the ablation. The ablation was
continued until all temperature sensors reached greater than 60 degrees
Celsius.
Results: The patient’s surgery was performed using Lovenox-bridging
with reinstitution of coumadin within 24 hours. There was minimal blood
loss (less than 20 mol). The preoperative hematocrit was 45.8% and postoperatively
44.8%. Operative time was 56 min, of which the ablation time consisted
of 10 min. There were no preoperative or postoperative complications.
Follow-up CT scan of the abdomen at six weeks with and without contrast
showed no post-operative hematoma and no residual enhancement.
Conclusions: MWA is a safe, effective means of thermal ablation of renal
tumors. Excellent hemostasis is achieved without the need for hilar dissection
and clamping. Tissue ablation is effected via coagulative necrosis and
the technique has been applied successfully in an anti-coagulated patient
for a mesophytic tumor greater than 3 cm.
Int
Braz J Urol. 2010; 36 (Video #5): 249_51
Available at: www.brazjurol.com.br/videos/march_april_2010/Carey_249_251video.htm
_________
Accepted :
March 30, 2010
_______________________
Correspondence address:
Dr. Robert Ira Carey
Urology Treatment Center
1921 Waldemere St Ste 310
Sarasota, FL, 34239, USA
E-mail: ricarey@juno.com
EDITORIAL
COMMENT
The widespread
use of noninvasive imaging studies has increased the diagnosis of small
renal masses; particularly among patients over 70 years of age (1). There
are limitations in terms of treatment choices in this subset due to their
co-morbidities, which can often preclude some of the traditional surgical
options. Radical nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy whether performed
using an open or laparoscopic approach can have important morbidity and
surgical risk (2). In this regard, renal ablative procedures have emerged,
with these options well suited to poor surgical candidates. The two most
widely used and available technologies are radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
and cryoablation (3).
In this video submission, Leiveillee and colleagues present a case of
a 79 years old female with underlying atrial fibrillation requiring anticoagulation
and an incidentally discovered right enhancing renal mass (3.4 cm). The
indication for the procedure was an increase in size from 2.3 to 3.4 cm
over a two year period. The ablative technique described is laparoscopic
guided ultrasound guided microwave (MW) ablation. Anticoagulation was
re-initiated the same day after the procedure.
Emerging technologies such as the one presented in this video are novel
treatment options. Compared to RFA, MW ablation offers several advantages
including higher intra-tumoral temperatures, larger ablation volumes,
faster ablation time, and optimal heating of cystic masses (4). The microwaves
cause molecules to vibrate in a high frequency electromagnetic field generating
friction and heat and inducing cellular death through coagulation necrosis
(5). One of the interesting advantages of this technology over RF is that
the effect of the microwaves is not affected by large blood vessels as
is RF creating a heat sink effect, with potential incomplete tumor ablation
particularly when applied to cystic lesions. RF can be affected by increase
in impedance with tissue boiling and charring which become electrical
insulators, while this is not a limitation for microwaves (4).
Divergent data utilizing experimental studies with VX-2 carcinoma in rabbits
has been published (6,7). The few clinical studies published to date have
reasonable results with a maximum follow-up of 11 months (8,9). In a phase
I study, Clark et al. reported microwave ablation followed by nephrectomy
demonstrating adequate ablation zones using 1 to 3 probes (10).
It is important to emphasize that this is still considered an emerging
technology for the treatment of renal masses. Larger studies are needed
in order to increase the evidence regarding safety and efficacy of this
new technology in the management of renal malignancies.
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Dr.
Jose Jaime Correa
Urologic Oncology Department
Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe
Medellin, Colombia
E-mail: jocorreao@uces.edu.co
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