TUMOR
BANKS: THE CORNERSTONE OF BASIC RESEARCH IN UROLOGY
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doi: 10.1590/S1677-55382010000300012
SABRINA T. REIS, EMANOELA B. FEITOSA, JOSE PONTES-JUNIOR, CAMILA C. MARIN, DANIEL K. ABE, ALEXANDRE CRIPPA, ALBERTO A. ANTUNES, ADRIANO J. NESRALLAH, LUIZ C. OLIVEIRA, LEOPOLDO A. RIBEIRO-FILHO, MIGUEL SROUGI, KATIA R. M. LEITE, MARCOS F. DALL’OGLIO
Laboratory of Medical Investigation (STR, JPJ, KRML), Division Urology (EBF, JPJ, CCM, DKA, AC, AAA, AJN, LCO, LARF, MS, MFDO), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
Tumor banks have the primary responsibility for collecting, cataloging,
storing and disseminating samples of tissues, cells and fluids, which
are used by researchers to identify diagnostic molecular markers, prognostic
indicators and therapeutic targets. The objective of this review was to
describe a simple, reliable and reproducible protocol for obtaining and
storing samples of urological tumors.
Materials and Methods: Urogenital tumor
tissues were collected by the surgeons from the Urology Division of University
of Sao Paulo Medical School. The obtained surgical specimens were immediately
placed in liquid nitrogen, dry ice or in a tube containing RNAlater ®,
and then stored by cryopreservation (-80°C). A mirror fragment was
fixed in 10% formalin processed routinely and embedded in Paraplast®.
Results: We developed a protocol for the
collection, cataloging, storage, conservation and use of tumor samples.
During a period of one year the Urological Tumor Bank of the Urology Division
stored 274 samples of prostate, bladder, kidney, penis and testicle tumors
of different histological types, 74 urine and 271 serum samples.
Conclusions: Having biological materials
characterized and available along with the clinical patient information
provides an integrated portrait of the patients and their diseases facilitating
advances in molecular biology. It also promotes the development of translational
research improving methods of diagnosis and cancer treatment.
Key
words: biological specimen banks; urogenital neoplasms; tissue
banks; pathology; molecular biology
Int Braz J Urol. 2010; 36: 348-54
INTRODUCTION
According
to the Council of Europe, (1997), in Commentary 137 to article 22, “a
tumor bank is an organization responsible for collecting, cataloging,
storing and disseminating samples of tissues, cells and fluids for the
investigation of diagnostic molecular markers, definition of prognosis
and identification of therapeutic targets (1), for facilitating the discovery
of new therapies and new drugs, and for other applications yet to be discovered”
(2).
All organs of the urogenital tract are potential targets of malignant
tumors, and although prostate cancer has the higher incidence, there is
a need for the study of tumors of the bladder, kidney, urethra, testicles
and penis to help optimize methods to be applied in diagnosis, prognosis
and treatment of these diseases. The tumor bank of the Urology Division
at the University of Sao Paulo Medical School (USPMS) was established
in 2008 and differs from the other banks by storing only samples of urological
tumors, in order to increase the number of basic studies and clinical
research.
Brazil has three major banks that store tumor specimens of various types
of cancer: the Barretos Cancer Hospital has 19,000 samples, AC Camargo
Cancer Hospital has 13,000 samples and the National Cancer Institute has
7,000 samples.
The objective of this review was to describe a simple, reliable and reproducible
protocol for obtaining and storing samples of urological tumors; to clarify
basic concepts related to tumor banks, their organization, relevance,
quality and ethics; and to describe the tumors in the bank created by
the Urology Division of USPMS.
Two principles are fundamental for good basic and clinical research: the
accuracy of clinical information and outcome of patients treated by cancer
and the quality of tumor samples that will allow the search for molecular
abnormalities involved with neoplastic development and progression. A
tumor bank with an effective protocol allows researchers to store and
access tumor tissue samples under ideal conditions for research and recovery
of patient data (3). This systematic organization of information allows
the development of cancer research with solid scientific conclusions (4).
According to Teodorovic et al. (5) tumor banks contribute to translational
research by promoting more and better integration between clinicians and
researchers. Translational research is an integration of clinical and
laboratory research aiming the improvement of prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of diseases via the practical application of scientific discoveries
(5-7). The identification of a tumor or a biological marker allows a better
understanding of the pathology, diagnosis, prognostic indicators, most
appropriate therapy and the potential of recurrence. For example, prostate-specific
antigen serves as a marker for prostatic cancer (5) and is used by urologists
to better assess patients and to obtain greater precision in evaluating
the diverse characteristics of the disease.
According to Alimena et al. (4), the idea of using a therapy that reaches
only the neoplastic cells and the identification of markers capable of
distinguishing sensitive patients from patients resistant to first-line
therapy are both the result of the creation of tissue banks.
Pathologists and molecular biologists have been responsible for such studies,
conducting laboratory research with the practical goal of not only contributing
to clinical knowledge, but also guiding the clinician in the evaluation
of patients (4). Chu et al. (8) described molecular biology as a discipline
that uses the techniques available to study diseases and their implications.
The tumor bank of the Urology Division of USPMS was created with the goal
of aiding a new line of research in urological oncology. Having these
biological materials available and characterized, along with the clinical
information of the patients, provides an integrated portrait of the patients
and their illnesses, enabling advances in molecular biology. Tumor banks
may be useful in the future because constant medical and technological
advances in early diagnosis and pre-operative therapies will reduce the
number of surgeries for tumor removal, thus jeopardizing the collection
of tumor tissues. Therefore, a network of tumor banks must be organized
to ensure appropriate and responsible use of the materials (9).
Informatics (10) can facilitate patient registration, specimen tracking,
tissue cataloguing, quality assurance, and specimen availability. The
ability of databases to organize and present desired information can also
aid in tracking informed consent and institutional compliance and be could
used to generate tissue bank inventory reports to match investigator requests
with specimen availability.
The components of a system must be faultless in order to allow efficient
data entry, queries and report preparation, and must also allow rapid
deployment of new services. The Urology Division of USPMS has a computer
software exclusively established for the function of its tumor bank and
also an electronic file system that allows the professionals involved
in research to gain access to all clinical and laboratory information
from each patient.
Each country defines the rules it believes are necessary to protect its
citizens. Few countries, including Iceland and Sweden, have a law specifically
related to tumor banks. The majority have Research Ethics Committees (REC)
that has to approve research that will use the samples of tumor banks,
acting only once the tissue is stored but not for storage of samples.
Oosterhuis et al. (2) summarized the principles to which all tumor banks
must comply: i) Protect the interests of donors; ii) Give patients full
information about the project and appropriate research; iii) Uphold and
ensure the balance between the interests of science and donors; iv) Prohibit
the commercial use of human tissue.
In Brazil, the ethical issues related to research activities involving
human beings are governed by the Guidelines and Standards for Research
in Human Beings, introduced by Resolution 196/96 of the National Health
Council (11). Resolution 347/05 regulates the storage and use of human
biological material for research purposes (12).
According to Resolution 196/96, the respect due to human dignity requires
that all research is conducted after free and informed consent of patients.
The patient must sign a form to agree that their material can be included
in the tumor bank, and when that material is part of a study approved
by the tumor bank and the REC, the patient must be contacted and has to
sign an additional form referring to the study that seeks the material.
In cases where it is impossible to obtain the consent of the patient (e.g.
death,), this fact must be documented with an explanation of the cause
of failure and the opinion of the REC.
Resolution 347 states that the REC should be informed of the formation
of a tumor bank and of its objectives and responsibilities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Standard Operational
Procedure of the Urological Tumor Bank
Biological materials are stored by cryopreservation (-80°C) and in paraffin blocks (Table-1). After surgical specimens are removed, the fresh tissue is immediately placed in liquid nitrogen, dry ice or in a tube containing RNAlater ® (a solution that preserves the genetic material of the tissue for a longer period), which is then stored at -80°C. The freezer is localized in a special room designed for -80ºC freezers where freezer temperature is controlled 24 h by a computerized system MV2000 (Yokogawa). Additionally a generator is installed to supply the equipment in case of energy failure. The material is available only to accredited researchers in the Urology Division and is used after approval of the REC. A mirror fragment of the specimen frozen is fixed in 10% buffered formalin routinely processed and embedded in Paraplast®. Central morphologic reviews are performed on the formalin-fixed samples, including assessment of tumor diagnosis, percent of tumor, stroma, and necrosis.
The physician responsible for the surgery is also responsible for the
collection of the Consent Form and the tumor sample. Immediately after
surgical removal, a fragment of the tumor is removed and put into a plastic
tube resistant to low temperatures with RNAlater ® and is immediately
labeled with a code for identification.
At the tumor bank of the Escola Paulista de Medicina / UNIFESP (4), as
well as in our bank, the procedure is performed in the operating room
with the patient anesthetized or under regional blockade. The collection
neoplastic tissue samples are performed with a scalpel in the areas affected
by the tumor. A preliminary assessment of the material is performed by
direct palpation in areas more representative of the tumor. Then fragments
are removed to provide material for pathological and genetic studies.
The minimum size accepted for samples to be stored in a bank is 0.5 x
0.5 x 0.3 cm. Completion of the identification data for the donor and
the identification data for the sample of tissue is the sole responsibility
of the technical team.
An important issue related to the collection of surgical specimens for
tumor banking in urology is the histological verification process. This
is necessary due the potential risk that no tumor is present in the collected
fragments. It can occur in cases where the tumor volume is small or not
able to be seen as in prostate cancer specimens. Therefore, before banking,
the obtained tissue needs to be histologically verified to ascertain the
presence of neoplasic cells. The mirror fragment fixed in formalin and
embedded in Paraplast® is the better solution for this problem. But
in cases where this procedure has not been done, before the experiments
using the samples, a slide should be cut in a cryostat and stained in
hematoxylin and eosin to verify the presence and amount of tumor represented
in that specific tissue fragment.
Another important aspect is the precise site of fragment collection, especially
for large tumors. A 10 cm kidney cancer may show histological and molecular
heterogeneity when different parts of the tumor are examined. In bladder
tumors, although the large amount of exophytic tumor appears homogeneous
macroscopically, the bladder tumor base may be different at the molecular
level. For this reason, our collecting protocol mandates that at least
two different areas should be sampled for each case.
A nurse is responsible for collecting blood and urine, for labeling the
samples and placing them in cold storage. A biologist is responsible for
collecting all the material, processing the samples, cataloging them and
storing them in a freezer at -80°C.
If there is any problem with the tube used to store the tissue, it must
be discarded and replaced. The samples should not remain more than 30
minutes without optimal storage conditions to prevent degradation of genetic
material (DNA, RNA and proteins).
Another aspect that deserves mention is biosafety. Sastre-Garau (13) advised
that the team involved must treat all materials as if they were contaminated,
as there are risks inherent in handling biological samples, which could
be infected by pathogens such as virus from human immunodeficiency and
hepatitis B and C.
Infrastructure
There are minimum requirements for the operation of a tumor bank. A liquid nitrogen container or a -80°C freezer is required for sample storage, and thus physical space for these systems is necessary. Space is also required for processing the samples, the freezing unit, RNAlater ® later, media storage (boxes and tubes), computer equipment (computer and printer) and the team (physicians’ surgeons, pathologists and nurse biologist). A continuous accounting system is essential in tumor banking to control the withdrawals and inclusion of samples at any time.
Auditing
An external
audit is also necessary to ensure adequacy and quality control for any
tumor bank. We acknowledge that the tumor bank must have a large numbers
of samples sufficient for the completion and validation of any type of
protocol but the most important aspect is the quality of the stored material,
verified and complemented by ongoing clinical data accrual instead of
sample size.
The establishment of a tumor bank in large hospitals has some advantages
as a large and diverse population which is available at our Institution.
Our tumor bank has been in existence for approximately one year and already
has large numbers of samples that have been used in various studies involving
urological neoplasms.
RESULTS
From August 2008 to June 2009 we collected 274 samples from different urogenital tumors as described in Table-2. There are also 74 urine and 271 serum samples that have been collected just before surgical procedure.
COMMENTS
Understanding
cancer at the molecular level is a very important step for the identification
of new markers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, representing a chance
to create opportunities to develop target therapy. For this reason, it
is of great importance to build a tumor collection in good storage conditions
(2).
Urological tumors are a serious clinical problem, as they include high
prevalence neoplasms such as prostate cancer and aggressive tumors such
as kidney and bladder carcinomas. With the development of molecular biological
techniques, the use of human neoplastic tissue is of great importance
for cancer research. Therefore, we were prompted to begin development
of protocols with extensive clinical and surgical data in order to create
a tumor bank.
Regarding the storage of tumors, there are advantages and disadvantages
to storing samples in a -80°C freezer and freezing in liquid nitrogen.
The benefits of the freezer are the ability to store about 15,000 2 mL
Eppendorf tubes, with easy access and less infrastructure requirement.
The disadvantages are the high cost, the fragility of the equipment and
its dependence on energy (4). To solve this problem there are liquid nitrogen
backups that keeps the freezer at low temperature when lack of energy
occurs, however only for a short period of time.
Storage in liquid nitrogen renders the access of the specimens difficult
and requires constant maintenance of the level of nitrogen. The advantages
are preservation at -170ºC and independence from energy (13). We
chose to store the tumor bank in a -80°C freezer. It is important
to mention that freezers must be routinely checked to guarantee the constant
temperature, crucial for the maintenance of integrity of surgical specimens,
urine and serum. Also, a back-up of gas supply or generator is imperative
in case of electric energy failure. In our case we have a room in the
main building of University of Sao Paulo Medical School specially designed
for -80ºC freezers containing a computerized system for temperature
control and generators.
It is imperative to record basic information from patients and their diseases
to make a tumor bank useful for science. Gender, age, clinical and histopathological
diagnoses, TNM classification, specification about a tumor as primary,
metastatic or recurrent, occurrence of a previous treatment, type of sample,
and most importantly the outcome of the patients should be recorded and
be easily retrieved when necessary (14).
Finally, we must make clear that the benefits offered by research with
human tumor or normal tissue from donors do not negate the serious and
complex issues of medical-legal ethics. All information provided must
be maintained in a way that guarantees donor anonymity. We also emphasize
that the main goal of research must first be to afford some benefit to
the patient and not to the researcher (8).
CONCLUSION
A tumor
bank can be an instrument of great help for scientific research, as it
offers tumor samples to researchers that have been stored under optimum
conditions of preservation. Through analysis of these samples, the researcher
can better understand the cancer regarding the diagnosis, prognosis, prophylaxis
and treatment. A well-organized and structured tumor bank facilitates
and enables basic research discoveries that can improve population health.
The disclosure of the protocol used by the urological tumor bank of the
Urology Division of USPMS should assist other centers in training. Standardization
of the handling of the specimens, collection and storage and having a
link between tumor banks will also increase the quantity and scope of
research through the exchange of samples. In addition, by comparing information
from databases at different locations, the regional characteristics of
tumors can be studied and related to the habits of the respective populations.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None declared.
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____________________
Accepted after revision:
January 21, 2010
_______________________
Correspondence address:
Dr. Marcos Francisco Dall’Oglio
Fundação Faculdade de Medicina
Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2º andar, sala 2141
São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
E-mail: sasareis@gmail.com